-ANATOMY OVERVIEW

ANATOMY – study of the structure of the body parts & relationship to one another
- Gross/macroscopic
- Microscopic
- Developmental (structural changes throughout life)

PHYSIOLOGY – study of function of the body’s structural machinery
- Considers operation of specific organ systems i.e. Renal – kidney function
- Focuses on functions of body at cellular/molecular level

GROSS ANATOMY
- REGIONAL – all structures in one part of body i.e. abdomen or leg
- SYSTEMIC – studied by system
- SURFACE – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

MICROSCOPIC
- CYTOLOGY – study of the cell
- HISTOLOGY – study of tissues

STRUCTURE GOVERNS FUNCTION – WHAT A STRUCTURE CAN DO DEPENDES ON SPECIFIC FORM
- Chemical – atoms combined to from molecules
- Cellular – cells made of molecules
- Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
- Organ – made up of different types of tissues
- Organ system – consists of different organs that work together
- Organismal – made up of the organ systems

ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Hair, Skin, Nails)
- External body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesises vit D
- Site of cutaneous (pain receptors), sweat & oil glands

SKELETAL SYSTEM (Bones,
NERVOUSE SYSTEM (Brain, sensory receptor, Nerves, Spinal cord)
- Fast acting control system of the body
- Responds to external/internal changes by activating appropriate muscles, glands

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Thyroid gland, Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Pancreas,
Ovary, Testis)
- Glands secrete hormones – regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, nutrient
use(metabolism) by body cells

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Heart, Blood vessels)
- Blood vessels transport blood – carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.
- The heart pumps blood

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY (Red bone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracis duct, Spleen,
Lymph nodes)
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & returns it to blood
- Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream
- Houses white blood cells(Lymphocytes) involved in immunity
- Immune response mounts attack against foreign substances within body

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lung, Bronchus)
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
- Gaseous exchanges occur through walls of the air sacs in lungs

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Oral cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum,
Anus)
- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as faeces

UNINARY SYSTEM (Kidney, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Ureter)
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte & acid base balance of the blood

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Prostate glands, Ductus deferens, Scrotum, Penis, Testis)
- Production of offspring
- Testis produce sperm & male sex hormone
- Ducts & glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Mammary glands, Ovary, Uterine tube, Uterus, Vagina)
- Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormone
- Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization & development of fetus
- Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn BODY CAVITIES

- DORSAL – protects nervous system & has 2 subdivisions
1. Cranial cavity – within skull encases brain
2. Vertebral cavity – runs within vertebral column ,encases spinal cord

- VENTRAL CAVITY – houses internal organs (viscera) & divided into 2 subdivisions
1. THORACIC CAVITY – subdivided into Pleural cavities (each houses a lung)
- MEDIASTINUM – pericardial cavity surrounds remaining thoracic organs
- PERICARDIAL CAVITY – encloses the heart

2. ABDOMINOPLEVIC CAVITY – separated from superior thoracic cavity by dome shaped diaphragm,
has 2 subdivisions
- ABDOMINAL CAVITY – contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, & other organs
- PELVIC CAVITY – lies within pelvis, contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, Ventral body
Cavity Membranes

etc...